Fig. 4

Modisiminae (a–c) and Ninetinae (d), male karyotypes, stained by Giemsa. Based on two sister metaphases II. Karyotypes are predominated by metacentrics. Single sex chromosome of modisimines is the longest element of the karyotype. a Anopsicus sp., pair nos. 3 and 5 are submetacentric; b Modisimus cf. elongatus. Three pairs submetacentric (nos 1, 3, 6), X chromosome positively heteropycnotic; c Psilochorus simoni. Chromosome pairs form three size groups (pairs 1–2, 3–7, 8). Two pairs submetacentric (nos 1, 5). Sex chromosome negatively heteropycnotic; d Pholcophora americana, pair no. 2 submetacentric. Bar = 10 µm