Skip to main content
Fig. 3 | BMC Ecology and Evolution

Fig. 3

From: Extensive non-redundancy in a recently duplicated developmental gene family

Fig. 3

Presence of the Multivulva phenotype in Wrt family knockdowns and knockouts. a Wild-type L4 animals develop one vulva on the ventral side of the animal, indicated by the single arrowhead. Scale bar is 50 μm. b wrt-5(ok670) L4 animals display a Muv phenotype where more than one ventral site undergoes vulval induction; in this example two developing vulvas are indicated with arrowheads. Scale bar 50 μm. c % penetrance of the Multivulva phenotype upon RNAi knockdown of a Wrt family member (x-axis) in an ajm-1::gfp background. ajm-1::gfp localises to the vulval cell apical membranes and is used to visualise the vulva using fluorescence optics. Empty vector control (L4440) animals do not display the Muv phenotype (n = 44). 0% penetrance of Muvs was recorded upon knockdown of: wrt-1 (n = 41); wrt-6 (n = 40); wrt-7 (n = 39); wrt-8 (n = 49); wrt-9 (n = 43); wrt-10 (n = 40). The Muv phenotype was recorded upon knockdown of wrt-2 (n = 45); wrt-3 (n = 41); wrt-4 (n = 42) and wrt-5 (n = 41). d % penetrance of Multivulva phenotype in wild-type (n = 40) as compared to animals carrying the wrt-3(ok2608) allele (n = 39) or the wrt-5(ok670) allele (n = 42) or the double mutant, wrt-5(ok670);wrt-3(ok2608) (n = 32), all in an ajm-1::gfp background. e % penetrance of Multivulva phenotype in wild-type as compared to animals carrying the wrt-2(ok2810) allele (n = 44) or the wrt-4(tm1911) allele (n = 41) or the double mutant, wrt-4(tm1911);wrt-2(ok2810) (n = 45), all in an ajm-1::gfp background. Black bars show mean + SEM (c–e). Black asterisks (****P ≤ 0.0001, ***P ≤ 0.001, **P ≤ 0.01, *P ≤ 0.05, nsP > 0.05) show statistically significant differences in the means compared to control RNAi with an unpaired t test (c) or in the means of Wrt mutants compared to WT with an unpaired t test (d, e)

Back to article page