Table 4 Sample groups Switzerland (CH), France (FR), South-France (SFR, as putative point of origin) and Vienna (VIE) were tested for signs of a bottleneck by carrying out sign tests and two-tailed Wilcoxon tests. Observed expected heterozygosity (H_e) under HWI exceeded expected heterozygosity under mutation-drift equilibrium (H_eq). Tests were all significant as values were below 0.01

From: Evidence for multiple introductions of an invasive wild bee species currently under rapid range expansion in Europe