Climatic and topographic changes since the Miocene influenced the diversification and biogeography of the tent tortoise (Psammobates tentorius) species complex in Southern Africa

Table 2 The estimated speciation rate (λ), extinction rate (μ), net diversification rate (r) and lineage turn–over rate (t) generated from the MuSSE analysis (for modelling the effect of geographic regions and biomes), BiSSE analysis (for modelling the effect of the Orange River) and BAMM analysis (for computing the overall diversification pattern for each target group)

		Diversification rate	Extinction rate	† Net diversification rate	‡ Lineage turn-over rate
Clade (BAMM)	Ptt-B	2.874	1.409	1.465	0.490
	Pv-B	2.745	0.830	1.915	0.302
	Ptr	2.908	2.439	0.469	0.839
	Ptt-C	2.910	2.315	0.596	0.795
	Ptt-A	2.874	2.444	0.429	0.851
	Pv-A	2.875	2.374	0.500	0.826
	Ptt-D	2.850	2.440	0.409	0.856
	(Ptt-B + Ptt-C) + Ptt-D) + Ptt-A	2.712	2.278	0.433	0.840
	(Pv-B + Ptr) + Pv-A	2.525	2.264	0.261	0.897
Overall	Entire complex	2.488	2.312	0.176	0.929
Region	1. Above GE	2.097	0.164	1.933	0.078
(MuSSE)	2. Below GE, north of Swartberg	2.011	1.037	0.974	0.516
	3. South of Swartberg	0.988	0.967	0.021	0.979
Biome	1. Nama Karoo	2.041	0.2	1.841	0.098
(MuSSE)	2. Fynbos	6.465	6.674	-0.209	1.032
	3. Succulent Karoo	0.852	0.536	0.316	0.629
Orange River	1. North of Orange River	0.779	0.703	0.076	0.902
(BiSSE)	2. South of Orange River	1.323	0.133	1.19	0.1

The unit used in the table was uniform for the cladogenesis events (or lineage events) per Ma
†Net diversification rate (r) = Speciation rate (λ)—Extinction rate (μ)
‡Lineage turn-over rate = μ / λ

ISSN: 2730-7182