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Table 4 Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA, 3-level) after grouping populations by geographic region within L. fabalis (upper part) and L. obtusata (lower part), based on mtDNA after removing putatively introgressed individuals. fNE1 – L. fabalis from northern Europe, fNE2 – L. fabalis from central Europe, fIP – L. fabalis from Iberian Peninsula. oN – L. obtusata from North America and from northern-central Europe, oIP – L. obtusata from Iberian Peninsula. Geographic groups were defined according to Fig. 4

From: Phylogeographic history of flat periwinkles, Littorina fabalis and L. obtusata

Species

Structure

Source of variation

d.f.

Variance components

% Variation

φ-statistics

p-value

L. fabalis

Group 1

Among groups

2

2.4011

56.71

0.5671

0.0010

fNE1 by pop

Among populations within groups

9

0.7941

18.76

0.4323

0.0000

Group 2

Within populations

104

1.0386

24.53

0.7547

0.0000

fNE2 by pop

      

Group 3

      

fIP by pop

      

L. obtusata

Group 1

Among groups

1

7.5587

73.05

0.7305

0.0137

oN by pop

Among populations within groups

10

0.8691

8.40

0.3116

0.0000

Group 2

Within populations

149

1.9198

18.55

0.7305

0.0000

oIP by pop

      
  1. φ-statistics presented in the following order: ΦCT (up), ΦSC (middle) and ΦST (low)
  2. d.f. degrees of freedom