Evolution of female promiscuity in Passerides songbirds

Table 1 PGLS results of single predictor variables on female promiscuity in Passerides songbirds

Predictor variable	N	Estimate (SE)	t (P)	R ²	λ
Male parental care
Nest building	173	− 0.399 (0.099)	− 4.030 (< 0.001)	0.081	0.594
Incubation	181	−0.308 (0.122)	−2.525 (0.012)	0.029	0.497
Chick feeding	174	−0.239 (0.157)	−1.524 (0.129)	0.013	0.617
Plumage colouration
Sexual dichromatism^a	200	0.030 (0.010)	2.835 (0.005)	0.039	0.751
Male colour^a	200	0.014 (0.011)	1.296 (0.197)	0.008	0.784
Female colour^a	200	−0.036 (0.015)	−2.359 (0.019)	0.027	0.694
Migratory behaviour
Categories^a	177	0.235 (0.079)	2.988 (0.003)	0.049	0.604
Distance	202	0.326 (0.109)	3.006 (0.003)
(Distance)²	202	−0.040 (0.015)	−2.729 (0.007)	0.044	0.711
Body size^a	177	−0.037 (0.155)	−0.237 (0.813)	0.000	0.694
Tropical life history^a	177	−0.176 (0.092)	−1.916 (0.057)	0.021	0.649
Latitude	202	0.001 (0.005)	0.264 (0.792)	0.000	0.761
Tropical/temperate	202	0.267 (0.216)	1.235 (0.218)	0.008	0.734
Social bond^b	202	−0.368 (0.151)	−2.441 (0.016)	0.029	0.723
Sexual selection^a	177	0.236 (0.098)	2.408 (0.019)	0.017	0.655
Cooperative breeding^a	177	−0.016 (0.074)	−0.211 (0.833)	0.000	0.691

^aData from Dale et al. [64]. ^b Data from Tobias et al. [65]. Significant P-values are indicated in bold. All λ-values were significantly different (P < 0.001) from λ = 0 and λ = 1. The results using the maximum clade credibility tree (Fig. 2) are shown. For results based on the 1000 phylogenetic trees, see Additional file 5

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