Fig. 3

Body size distribution and morphometric differentiation analyses of Excirolana hirsuticauda. (a) Latitudinal variation in total body length, showing the mean (circles) and 95th and 5th percentiles (broken lines). Colours in the graph represent the three groups of populations detected with genetic analyses (North, Center and South). (b) Plot of principal component analysis for 90 males. Symbols indicate from which group individuals were collected. (c) Results of Hotelling’s discriminant test (T²) corroborating the ordination of PCA analysis. (d) ANCOVA results showing the relationship between body size and length of projection of appendix masculina for each group of populations. Insert pictures correspond to detail of the morphology of the appendix masculina of males from North and South groups. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm