Fig. 1

Distance analysis of COI data. a Comparison of nearest neighbour (minimum interspecific distance) and maximum intraspecific distances of the COI sequences from each New Zealand species represented by > 1 specimen (n = 191). Equal intra– and inter–specific variation is marked by the black line. Points above the black line indicate species with ‘local barcode gaps’. b Comparison of maximum intraspecific distance and sampling effort (number of specimens) for each species. There is no observable sampling bias in levels of intraspecific variation. In both scatterplots, green points represent species with a local barcode gap, while red points represent those with no barcode gap