Skip to main content
Fig. 3 | BMC Evolutionary Biology

Fig. 3

From: Y-chromosomes can constrain adaptive evolution via epistatic interactions with other chromosomes

Fig. 3

Creation of experimental populations. In the YRV parental generation (P1), 1 male from each isofemale line (1–25) was mated to 10 virgin females from the outbred population. In each subsequent filial generation (F1 - F10), 10 males from the previous line cross were mated to 10 virgin females from the outbred population. By the 10th filial generation, all lines were expected to be 99.9% similar, with the exception of the Y-chromosome. To establish each replicate population, 10 males from each line (n = 250 total) were placed in a large cage with 250 virgin females from the outbred population. The same approach was taken with the no-YRV population; however, all males shared the same Y-chromosome. YRV and No-YRV populations were created in parallel. This design maintained similar genetic variation between YRV and no-YRV populations through ample gene flow with outbred base population. All Y-chromosomes started at equal frequencies in the YRV population

Back to article page