Fig. 5

a Bayesian phylogenetic tree and b haplotype network of D. galeata, based on the variation of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene (430 bp). Codes of Daphnia individuals are provided in Table 1; for origin of reference sequences see Additional file 1: Table S1. Less than 70% support of nodes is not shown. Daphnia hrbaceki was used as an outgroup. Each circle in b represents a unique haplotype, and its size reflects the number of individuals carrying that particular haplotype. Segment sizes within circles correlate with the distribution of haplotypes among different populations. Colour codes allow easy discrimination between European populations (purple to red) and Chinese ones (blue, green, grey) in the network. For lake abbreviations see Table 1