Skip to main content

Table 1 Two-way PERMANOVA detected significant differences in contact and alarm calls between birds at different altitudes (low-, highlands) and living in habitats of different structure (swamp, riparian, thicket)

From: Evolution of contact and alarm calls in the Kenyan endemic Hinde’s babbler (Aves: Passeriformes)

Factor

Contact calls

Alarm calls

d.f.

Pseudo-F

P(F)

d.f.

Pseudo-F

P(F)

Low-/Highland

2

3.34

0.002

2

19.33

< 0.001

Habitat

1

3.89

0.009

1

15.01

< 0.001

Low/High×Habitat

2

1.33

0.73

2

1.36

0.74

  1. Error degrees of freedom (d.f.): contact calls: 495; alarm calls: 560