Fig. 4

Results of the phylogeographic diffusion analysis of time points at (a) 488 Ka when E. melanogaster originally covered its extant distribution range, (b) the beginning of the penultimate glaciation period (277 Ka), (c) the end of the penultimate glaciation period (130 Ka, (d) the beginning of the last glaciation period (75 Ka), (e) the end of the last glaciation period (10.4 Ka), and (f) present. Asterisks represent the fossil records of E. melanogaster. The red line represents the ancient time and the blue line represents the current time. The map used here is from Google Earth