Fig. 1

Collection sites of Carposina sasakii and BAPS analysis of geographical and host-associated populations based on microsatellite loci and mtDNA. The different colors in each population correspond to the frequency of cluster membership based on the BAPS analysis. Figs a and c show separation in the geographical populations, where one cluster and two separate populations were identified based on microsatellite loci (Fig. a), while based on mtDNA four clusters were identified (Fig. c). Figs b and d show the host-associated populations, which provided no strong evidence of genetic structure based either on microsatellites (Fig. b) or mtDNA (Fig. d)