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Table 3 Two-way PERMANCOVA results of candidate gene expression from brooding vs. non-brooding females: PERMANCOVA to asses effects of treatment, challenge and their interaction on the relative expression of candidate genes (ΔCt values). A condition factor (K=W/TL3) was included as covariable. Significant results are marked in bold letters. Results of the univariate posthoc analyses (ANCOVA & Tukey HSD) can be found in Additional file 2: Table S2 and Additional file 3: Table S3

From: Parental investment matters for maternal and offspring immune defense in the mouthbrooding cichlid Astatotilapia burtoni

Gene categories

Model

Treatment (T)

Challenge (C)

K

T*C

R 2

F Model

Pr (>F)

F Model

Pr (>F)

F Model

Pr (>F)

F Model

Pr (>F)

 All genes

0.62

0.93

0.507

0.93

0.499

1.28

0.261

1.11

0.326

 All IS genes

0.62

0.74

0.608

0.94

0.453

1.45

0.208

1.08

0.349

 Adaptive IS

0.67

0.57

0.619

0.48

0.708

1.68

0.216

0.76

0.489

 All innate IS

0.50

1.46

0.186

2.42

0.033

1.50

0.188

1.71

0.117

 Inflammation

0.19

6.92

0.015

12.28

0.001

4.09

0.044

5.69

0.022

 Oxidative Stress

0.73

0.34

0.725

0.27

0.767

1.07

0.358

0.92

0.403

 Various innate IS

0.59

0.22

0.796

1.97

0.178

1.25

0.303

1.33

0.280

 Antimicrobial Peptides

0.52

2.59

0.101

1.04

0.421

1.76

0.207

1.21

0.374

 Metabolism genes

0.70

0.88

0.431

0.87

0.463

0.52

0.666

0.69

0.555

 Epigenetic genes

0.71

1.76

0.182

0.32

0.884

0.09

0.964

0.62

0.672

 Developmental genes

0.66

0.68

0.519

0.45

0.616

0.82

0.376

1.60

0.235

 Stress related genes

0.41

4.79

0.005

2.57

0.074

1.33

0.299

1.28

0.312

 Complement Component

0.56

1.03

0.411

1.69

0.133

1.08

0.371

1.59

0.175

 Sex related genes

0.71

1.76

0.182

0.32

0.884

0.09

0.964

0.62

0.672

Df Residuals / Model

7

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Df Total

11

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