Fig. 1

Base scenario. The average values over 200 simulations during and after range expansion across the gradient (horizontal axis) in time (gray scaling from light to dark, as time proceeds, which is given in a sequence of generations 100, 300, 500, 1000, 1500, 5000) of a. population density, b. dispersal probability, c. the mutation rate, d. genetic diversity at the adaptation locus, e. genetic diversity at the dispersal locus, and f. neutral genetic diversity, all measured as the variance in allele values. For reasons of clarity, a moving average with a window size of 21 has been applied (each point along the x-axis is the average of all points in the range [x-10, x + 10], data were present in 10-generation intervals)