Table 1 Overview of Triticeae and outgroup taxa considered

Aegilops bicornis Jaub. & Spach

S*

2× (4)

SE Mediterranean

Aegilops biuncialis Vis.

UM

4× (4)

SW-SE Europe, N Africa, SW Asia

Aegilops columnaris Zhuk.

UM

4× (2)

SW Asia

Aegilops comosa Sm.

M

2× (4)

Balkans

Aegilops crassa Boiss.

DM/DDM

4× (1)/6× (2)

SW Asia

Aegilops cylindrica Host

DC

4× (2)

SE Europe, W Asia

Aegilops geniculata Roth

MU

4× (3)

E Europe, W Asia, Macaronesia

Aegilops juvenalis Eig

DMU

6× (2)

SW Asia,

Aegilops kotschyi Boiss.

S*U

4× (1)

SW Asia, NE Africa

Aegilops longissima Schweinf. & Muschl.

S*

2× (5)

E Mediterranean

Aegilops markgrafii (Greuter) K. Hammer

C

2× (5)

NE Mediterranean

Aegilops neglecta Req. ex Bertol.

UM/UMN

4× (2)/6× (2)

Mediterranean to SW Asia

Aegilops peregrina (Hack.) Maire & Weiller

SU

4× (1)

SW Asia, N Africa

Aegilops searsii Feldman & Kislev

S*

2× (5)

E Mediterranean

Aegilops sharonensis Eig

S*

2× (1)

Israel, Lebanon

Aegilops speltoides Tausch

S

2× (6)

E Mediterranean

Aegilops tauschii Coss.

D

2× (4)

SW–C Asia

Aegilops triuncialis L.

UC

4× (2)

Mediterranean to SW Asia

Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk.

U

2× (3)

SE Europe, SW Asia

Aegilops uniaristata Vis.

N

2× (3)

SE Europe

Aegilops ventricosa Tausch

DN

4× (2)

SW Europe, N Africa

Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.

P

2× (2)/4× (4)

S Europe, NECW Asia

Amblyopyrum muticum (Boiss.) Eig

T

2× (6)

Turkey

Australopyrum retrofractum (Vickery) A. Löve

W

2× (4)

SE Australia

Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy

V

2× (5)

SW–SE Europe, Caucasus

Eremopyrum bonaepartis (Spreng.) Nevski

Ft/Xe/FtXe

2×/4× (5)

SE–E Europe, WC Asia

Eremopyrum triticeum (Gaertn.) Nevski

Ft

2× (3)

SE–E Europe, WC Asia

Henrardia persica (Boiss.) C.E. Hubb.

O

2× (4)

SE Europe, SW Asia

Heteranthelium piliferum Hochst. ex Jaub. & Spach

Q

2× (4)

SE Europe, SW Asia

Hordeum bulbosum L.

I

4× (1)

Mediterranean to C Asia

Hordeum marinum Huds.

Xa

2× (1)

Mediterranean

Hordeum murinum L.

Xu

2× (1)

Mediterranean to C Asia

Hordeum pubiflorum Hook. f.

I

2× (1)

S Argentina

Hordeum vulgare L.

H

2× (2)

SW Asia

Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski

Ns

2× (6)

E Europe, NC Asia

Pseudoroegneria cognata (Hack.) A. Löve

St

6× (1)

SW Asia, West Himalaya

Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Löve

St

2× (2)/6× (1)

NW of Northern America

Pseudoroegneria stipifolia (Czern. ex Nevski) A. Löve

St

2× (1)/4×(2)

E Europe, N Caucasus

Pseudoroegneria strigosa (M. Bieb.) A. Löve

St

2× (2)/6× (2)

Balkans, Crimea

Pseudoroegneria tauri (Boiss. & Balansa) A. Löve

St

2× (5)

E Mediterranean, S Caucasus

Secale cereale L.

R

2× (4)

Turkey

Secale strictum C. Presl

R

2× (4)

S Europe, SW Asia, N Africa

Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski

Ta

2× (6)

S Europe, SW Asia, N Africa

Thinopyrum distichum (Thunb.) A. Löve

E

4× (2)

S Africa

Thinopyrum spp. Löve

E

6× (1)/8× (2)

SE Europe, SW Asia, N Africa

Triticum aestivum L.

BAD

6× (6)

Caucasus, Iran

Triticum monococcum L.

A

2× (10)

Turkey

Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk.

GA

4× (7)

SW Asia

Triticum turgidum L.

BA

4× (10)

Lebanon

Triticum urartu Thumanjan ex Gandilyan

A

2× (5)

E Mediterranean, Caucasus

Triticum zhukovskyyi Menabde & Ericzjan

GAA

6× (1)

Caucasus

Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv.

4× (1)

S Europe, SW Asia, N Africa

Brachypodium pinnatum L.) P. Beauv.

4× (1)

Europe, NCW Asia, NE Africa

Bromus inermis Leyss.

4× (1)

SW Asia, Caucasus

Bromus tectorum L.

4× (1)

Europe, SW Asia, N Africa