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Fig. 5 | BMC Evolutionary Biology

Fig. 5

From: Sexual selection and the evolution of male pheromone glands in philanthine wasps (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae)

Fig. 5

Summary of the phylogenetic trends and deviations in size of the MG and PPG (bar thickness indicates relative size, dotted line indicates absence) and type of associated gland cells (‘Cells’) among male Philanthinae. Circles at nodes indicate likely events of gain or loss of the MG or the PPG (symbols see key in figure; for more details see Additional file 1: Figure S4 and S5). Species IDs correspond to Table 1. Color code of phylogeographic clades (according to [33]): yellow, genus Cerceris; orange, genus Clypeadon; red, genus Philanthinus; purple, Palearctic/Asian Philanthus; blue, Palearctic/Afrotropical Philanthus; light green, Nearctic Philanthus; dark green, genus Trachypus). Pictograms of cell types (labeling see key in figure): (A) single gland cells, showing end apparatuses but directly associated with the wall of the MG reservoir without canal cells (B) single NQ-class 3 gland cells; (C) acini of several NQ-class 3 cells with bundles of conducting canals; (D) aggregations of several gland cells directly associated with very fine branches of the PPG; (E) as in (D), but interspersed with small rounded cells; (F) syncytia of secretory cells directly associated with very fine branches of the PPG; (G) syncytia as in (E), but interspersed with small rounded cells. Dendrogram modified after the molecular phylogeny of Kaltenpoth et al. [33]

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