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Table 3 Genetic changes within or upstream of genes that have experimentally verified roles in E. coli biofilm formation in other studies

From: A passive mutualistic interaction promotes the evolution of spatial structure within microbial populations

aMutualistic consortium

bEvolved mutualistic partner

Mutation type

Gene(s) or intergenic region

Role of gene(s) in E. coli biofilm formation

Reference

A1

BW25113 (∆proC)

non-synonymous point mutation, A- > G

spoT c

c-di-GMP regulation

[51, 52]

A3

BW25113 (∆proC)

Δ16 bp, intergenic region

upstream of flhD

motility regulation

[57, 58]

 

BW25113 (∆trpC)a

Δ1 bp, coding region

hdfR

motility regulation

[58, 59]

 

BW25113 (∆trpC)b

Δ1 bp, coding region

hdfR

motility regulation

[58, 59]

A4

BW25113 (∆proC)

non-synonymous point mutation, G- > A

flhC

motility regulation

[60]

 

BW25113 (∆trpC)a

Δ627 bp, coding and intergenic regions

spoT c-trmH

c-di-GMP regulation

[51, 52]

 

BW25113 (∆trpC)b

Δ627 bp, coding and intergenic regions

spoT c-trmH

c-di-GMP regulation

[51, 52]

A6

BW25113 (∆trpC)

non-synonymous point mutation, C- > T

glmU c

extracellular matrix

[53, 54]

 

BW25113 (∆trpC)

point mutation, intergenic region

upstream of yqcC

biofilm maturation

[61]

A7

BW25113 (∆trpC)a

Δ15 bp, coding region

spoT c

c-di-GMP regulation

[51, 52]

 

BW25113 (∆trpC)b

Δ15 bp, coding region

spoT c

c-di-GMP regulation

[51, 52]

 

BW25113 (∆trpC)c

Δ15 bp, coding region

spoT c

c-di-GMP regulation

[51, 52]

A8

BW25113 (∆proC)

Δ3 bp, coding region

glmU c

extracellular matrix

[53, 54]

 

BW25113 (∆proC)

Δ3 bp, coding region

gspA

biofilm maturation

[62]

 

BW25113 (∆proC)

Δ3 bp, coding region

rcsF

EPS regulation

[63, 64]

 

BW25113 (∆trpC)c

Δ6 bp, coding region

bamA

extracellular matrix

[65, 66]

B1

BW25113 (∆trpC)

Δ11 bp, coding region

nlpI

extracellular matrix

[67]

B2

BW25113 (∆proC)

Δ10 bp, intergenic region

upstream of bluF and ycg

EPS regulation

[61, 62]

 

BW25113 (∆proC)

Δ5 bp, coding region

dksA

c-di-GMP regulation

[61, 63, 68]

 

BW25113 (∆proC)

Δ3 bp, intergenic region

upstream of yliE

c-di-GMP regulation

[52]

 

BW25113 (∆proC)

113 bp duplication of coding region

yeaP

fimbriae regulation

[69]

 

BW25113 (∆trpC)a

non-synonymous point mutation, G- > T

gpp

c-di-GMP regulation

[52, 70]

B7

BW25113 (∆proC)

Δ1 bp, coding region

bluR

EPS regulation

[56]

  1. aOnly those consortia that avoided extinction were analyzed. bSubscripts indicate that more than one clone of that mutualistic partner was sequenced from the corresponding mutualistic consortium. cGenetic changes in spoT and glmU have been observed in other studies where cell aggregation did not emerge
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BMC Ecology and Evolution

ISSN: 2730-7182

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