Grandparental immune priming in the pipefish Syngnathus typhle

Table 1 Results from 2-way PERMANOVA analysis of gene expression of one-week-old F2-juveniles

Gene categories	Model	F0-sex			F2-bacteria			F0-sex x F2-bacteria			Size
Gene categories	R²	F.Model	Pr(>F)		F.Model	Pr(>F)		F.Model	Pr(>F)		F.Model	Pr(>F)
Immune genes [29 genes-total]	0.83	6.82	> 0.001	*******	3.08	>0.001	*******	1.32	0.009	**	1.13	0.641
Innate immune genes [13 genes]	0.83	6.67	0.004	**	2.01	0.026	*	1.87	0.007	**	1.26	0.431
Adaptive immune genes [8 genes]	0.80	1.53	0.108		1.00	0.184		0.99	0.100		1.71	0.521
Innate & Adaptive genes [5 genes]	0.84	5.88	0.001	**	5.47	>0.001	*******	0.71	0.622		0.86	0.460
Complement component genes [3 genes]	0.86	5.31	0.017	*	3.66	0.001	*******	0.80	0.237		0.71	0.790
Epigenetic genes [15 genes-total]	0.85	6.63	0.035	*	1.64	0.030	*	1.22	0.029	*	0.62	0.894
DNA-methylation genes [5 genes]	0.85	6.09	0.061	.	2.26	0.022	*	1.18	0.081	.	0.84	0.812
Histone de/methylation genes [4 genes]	0.89	4.16	0.195		0.68	0.516		1.33	0.082	.	0.20	0.844
Histone deacetylation genes [3 genes]	0.86	5.65	0.079	.	1.23	0.126		1.21	0.060	.	1.39	0.621
Histone acetylation genes [2 genes]	0.78	12.47	0.035	*	2.03	0.019	*	1.09	0.065	.	0.15	0.896
Degrees of Freedom		DF = 3			DF = 2			DF = 6			DF = 1
Residual Degrees of Freedom	174
Total Degrees of Freedom	186	For further details see Additional file 1 : Table S1

Multivariate PERMANOVA analysis to assess the effect and interaction of the two fixed factors F0-sex and F2-offspring, size as covariate and family as strata term on relative gene expression values (−∆Ct-values). Each analysis was based on an Euclidean distance matrix with p-values obtained by 10000 permutations. Significant p-values are marked in bold letters and asterix symbol (significance code: <0.001***, 0.001**, 0.01*, 0.1 > p-value ≥ 0.05 trend ●). R² value indicate the percentage of variance explained by the model

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