Fig. 2

Phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular sequence data of copepod orders, redrawn from a) Braga et al. [18], b) Huys et al. [19], c) Huys et al. [20], d) Minxiao et al. [23], E) Tung et al. [21], and F) Schizas et al. [22]. Phylogenetic trees using a) the large subunit ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA) gene (a total aligned sequence length of 484 bps from the D9/D10 region) [18], b) the small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene (a total aligned sequence length of about 1,882 bp) [19], c) 18S rRNA (a total aligned sequence length of about 1,941 bp) [20], d) the concatenated twelve mitochondrial genes [23], E) 18S rRNA [21], and F) 28S rRNA (505 bp from the v-x region) [22]. Poecilostomatoida and Monstrilloida (indicated by grey) are considered as the subgroup of Cyclopoida and Siphonostomatoida, respectively [16, 19, 20]. In this study, four copepod orders (indicated by red) are examined. Cyan and yellow boxes indicate Podoplea and Gymnoplea, respectively. Grey dotted lines indicate the low bootstrap values (<60%)