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Table 3 Summary results from general linear mixed models testing for differences in the proportion of organic carbon obtained from littoral sources (α) and estimated trophic position (Tpos) of threespine sticklebacks from 25 freshwater locations

From: The temporal window of ecological adaptation in postglacial lakes: a comparison of head morphology, trophic position and habitat use in Norwegian threespine stickleback populations

Test

Source

DF

Estimate ± SE

F

P

Littoral carbon (α)

Intercept

 

0.981 ± 0.207

 

< 0.001

R2 = 0.69

Sex

1

0.002 ± 0.009

0.06

0.814

N fish = 482

Total length (cm)

1

−0.030 ± 0.018

2.69

0.102

N populations = 25

Lake age (years)

1

−0.000 ± 0.000

1.06

0.314

 

Distance to sea (m)

1

−0.000 ± 0.000

1.57

0.224

 

Mean depth (m)

1

−0.000 ± 0.015

0.00

0.992

Trophic position (Tpos)

Intercept

 

2.762 ± 0.165

 

< 0.001

R2 = 0.51

Sex

1

−0.028 ± 0.010

7.82

0.005

N fish = 482

Total length (cm)

1

0.135 ± 0.021

42.53

< 0.001

N populations = 25

Lake age (years)

1

0.000 ± 0.000

2.80

0.109

 

Distance to sea (m)

1

−0.000 ± 0.000

0.11

0.740

 

Mean depth (m)

1

−0.010 ± 0.011

0.94

0.343

  1. The habitat characteristics lake age (years before present), mean depth (m), and distance to the sea (m) and individual total length (cm) and sex were predictors. Lake identity was used as a random variable