Table 2 Candidate residues for spectral shifting between paralogous UVS opsin copies e.g., UVS1 vs. UVS2) based on combined evidence
Gene | Site | Location | Positive branch-site selection in Buprestidae (this study) | Branch label (see Fig. X) | UVS1 residue | UVS2 residue | Structural significance of substitution (this study) | Positive selection in other organisms at homologous sites (previous studies) | Wavelength shifts in other organisms at homologous sites (previous studies) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UV | 12 | EL | Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2 | UV-F | V | P | imposed backbone rigidity | Lepidoptera: Heliconius UV A37E [28] | - |
105 | EL | Buprestidae UVS1 | UV-C | T | T/L | gain of polarity (T–L) | Lepidoptera: Heliconius UV T121I [28] | - | |
Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2 | UV-F | A | L | increase in size | |||||
107 | EL | Buprestidae UVS2 | UV-D | H | F/M/Y | loss of positive charge (to polar or neutral), increase in size (H–Y) | Lepidoptera: Heliconius UV A123S/T [28] | - | |
118 | CBP, TM3 | - | - | T/S | T | most likely insignificant | Coleoptera: Photinus UVS S133 [43] | Lepidoptera: Pieris rapae SWS S116A (13 nm hypsochromic shift) [11] | |
125 | TM3 | Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2 | UV-F | G | S | gain of polarity, increase in size | - | Vertebrates: Rh1 125 (-5 nm to +8 nm shifts) [75] | |
137 | CL | Buprestidae UVS2 | UV-D | T | H | gain of positive charge (from polar), increase in size | - | Mammals: Rhodopsin V137M (retinitis pigmentosa) [76] | |
172 | TM4 | Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2 | UV-F | F | Y | gain of polarity | - | Lepidoptera: LWS L145M/F/I (blue shifts) [78] | |
186 | CBP, EL | Buprestidae UVS2 | UV-D | A | Q | gain of polarity, increase in size | Lepidoptera: Heliconius UVS S202A [28] | - | |
188 | CBP, EL | Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2 | UV-F | S | G | loss of polarity, decrease in size | Lepidoptera: Heliconius UVS T204S [28] | - | |
207 | CBP, TM5 | Buprestidae UVS2 | UV-D | I | L | most likely insignificant | - | Vertebrates: SWS L207M/I (6 nm shift plus additive effects) [82, 83] | |
242a | CL | Buprestidae UVS2 | UV-D | A | Q | gain of polarity, increase in size | Coleoptera: Photinus UVS A268 [43] | - | |
T/S | Q | change in polarity, increase in size | |||||||
261 | CBP, TM6 | - | - | F/Y | F | loss of polarity (Y–F) | - | Human: Y277F (red/green pigment variation) [81]; Vertebrates: SWS T261F (5 nm blue shift) [82] | |
272 | TM6 | Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2 | UV-F | S | C | gain of potential for disulfide bonding | Coleoptera: Photinus UVS S299 [43] | - | |
293 | TM7 | Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2 | UV-F | C | L | loss of polarity and potential for disulfide bonding | Lepidoptera: Heliconius UVS V321I [28] | Human: Y309F (red/green pigment variation) [81] | |
294 | TM7 | Buprestidae UVS1 | UV-C | F | T/A | loss of polarity (F–T), increase in size | Coleoptera: Photinus UVS T321 [43] | - | |
Acmaeodera diffusa UVS2 | UV-F | C | F | increase in size, loss of polarity and potential for disulfide bonding |