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Fig. 3 | BMC Evolutionary Biology

Fig. 3

From: A simple method for studying the molecular mechanisms of ultraviolet and violet reception in vertebrates

Fig. 3

The HBN regions of SWS1 pigments. (a) Area A (A1-A3) contains SB nitrogen and the counter-ion E113 and area B (B1-B3) includes two water molecules. The example shows the six amino acids of AncVertebrate-361 and the 11-cis-retinal with SB nitrogen (N). Dotted lines indicate the shortest distances between two amino acids. (b) The λmaxs and A/B ratios of the ancestral and present-day pigments. UV pigments are shown by black circles (group 1), whereas the violet-sensitive AncBird-393 and pigeon-393 (group 2) and the others (group 3) are shown by blue circles. The widths of light blue rectangles show the 95 % confidence intervals of the A/B ratios for group 1 (0.54–0.55) and group 3 (0.43–0.51), whereas the corresponding intervals for group 2 is a narrow strip at around 0.49 (not shown) (Additional file 5: Table S3). Scabbardfish-423 lacks F86 and the most closely located amino acid to the HBN region is V91 and therefore its A/B ratio is evaluated by considering V91 in place of F86

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