Fig. 1

Caterpillar internal anatomy and hypothetical dendograms grouping V. cardui transcriptional response on the different plants. Estimates in Ma for the age of Ranunculales, Rosids and Asterids based on those published elsewhere [35–37]. Caterpillar drawing was taken and modified from a previous publication [38]. Permission granted for the use of the drawing by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (All rights reserved. No part of the drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.)