Genetic conflict between sexual signalling and juvenile survival in the three-spined stickleback

Table 1 Quantitative genetics of growth tank-based traits (n = 114 tanks)

Growth tank traits			Variances
Growth tank traits	No. individuals	Mean ± SD	V _A ± SE	V _P ± SE	h ² ± SE	P
Female fecundity	300	6.136 ± 2.609	1.658 ± 0.825	6.609 ± 0.986	0.251 ± 0.105	0.002
Male signal	209	8.257 ± 2.871	2.799 ± 1.089	7.501 ± 1.207	0.373 ± 0.103	< 0.001
Juvenile survival to maturation	989	0.736 ± 0.205	0.012 ± 0.005	0.042 ± 0.006	0.283 ± 0.104	< 0.001
Covariances	Cov _A ± SE		r _G ± SE		P
Female fecundity–juvenile survival	0.119 ± 0.052		0.937 ± 0.188		0.003
Male signal–juvenile survival	−0.120 ± 0.057		−0.717 ± 0.237		0.015
Female fecundity–male signal	−0.475 ± 0.673		−0.226 ± 0.321		0.474

Additive genetic and phenotypic variances (V _A and V _P) and heritability (h ²) of female fecundity (number of spawning events), male sexual signal (seasonal maximum of relative red area) and juvenile survival (proportion of individuals that survived to sexual maturation) were calculated by univariate animal model analyses. Additive genetic covariances and correations (Cov _A and r _G) among the three traits were calculated by a multivariate animal model. The significance of each additive genetic variance or covariance is presented

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