Table 3 Cranial and mandibular Procrustes distances between age classes and species

(a) Procrustes shape variation of the cranium

U. arctos

adult

0.0391 (<.0001)

U. maritimus

adult

0.0528 (<.0001)

0.0597 (<.0001)

U. spelaeus

adult

0.0785 (<.0001)

0.0657 (<.0001)

0.086 (<.0001)

U. arctos

juvenile

0.1068 (<.0001)

0.1051 (<.0001)

0.1328 (<.0001)

0.1451 (<.0001)

U. spelaeus

juvenile

0.0779 (0.0106)

0.0682 (0.0685)

0.1037 (0.0003)

0.0777 (0.009)

0.091 (0.041)

(b) Nonallometric shape variation of the cranium

U. arctos

adult

0.0415 (<.0001)

U. maritimus

adult

0.0494 (<.0001)

0.0597 (<.0001)

U. spelaeus

adult

0.0554 (<.0001)

0.0473 (<.0001)

0.078 (<.0001)

U. arctos

juvenile

0.064 (<.0001)

0.0426 (<.0001)

0.0798(<.0001)

0.0271 (0.0001)

U. spelaeus

juvenile

0.0789 (<.0001)

0.0734 (0.0249)

0.1015 (0.0001)

0.0439 (0.0916)

0.0626 (0.2624)

(a) Procrustes shape variation of the mandible

U. arctos

adult

0.0301 (<.0001)

U. maritimus

adult

0.0461 (<.0001)

0.0411 (<.0001)

U. spelaeus

adult

0.0523 (<.0001)

0.0565 (<.0001)

0.0784 (<.0001)

U. arctos

juvenile

0.1109 (<.0001)

0.1003 (<.0001)

0.1179 (<.0001)

0.1335 (<.0001)

U. spelaeus

juvenile

0.1001 (0.0002)

0.0949 (<.0001)

0.1218 (<.0001)

0.1002 (<.0001)

0.0741 (0.0183)

(b) Nonallometric shape variation of the mandible

U. arctos

adult

0.0417 (<.0001)

U. maritimus

adult

0.0504 (<.0001)

0.0416 (<.0001)

U. spelaeus

adult

0.0517 (<.0001)

0.0442 (<.0001)

0.0733 (<.0001)

U. arctos

juvenile

0.0659 (<.0001)

0.0382 (<.0001)

0.0666 (<.0001)

0.0371 (0.0025)

U. spelaeus

juvenile

0.081 (0.0002)

0.077 (<.0001)

0.1046 (<.0001)

0.0418 (0.1602)

0.0685 (0.0849)