Table 2 List of cranial and mandibular landmarks and their definition used in this study (Fig. 2)

1

Anterior point of the interpremaxillary suture at the alveolar margin of the incisors

2/3

Anterior point of the premaxillo-maxillary suture at the alveolar margin of the incisors

4

Anterior point of the internasal suture

5

Intersection of internasal and interfrontal sutures

6/7

Dorsal point of the lacrimal bone where it meets the frontal bone and the maxilla

8/9

Dorsal tip of the frontal process at the zygomatic arch

10/11

Tip of the post-orbital process

12

Intersection of the interparietal and interfrontal sutures

13/14

Posterior point of the external auditory meatus

15/16

Intersection of parietal, squamosal, and supraoccipital bones

17

Distal point of the external occipital protuberance

18/19

Posterior point of the canine alveolus

20/21

Posterior point of the tooth row at the alveolar margin

22

Posterior point of maximum concavity on the palatine

23/24

Ventral point of the jugo-maxillary suture

25/26

Ventral point of the jugo-squamosal suture

27/28

Intersection of basioccipital, basisphenoid, and auditory bulla

29/30

Tip of the mastoid process

31/32

Ventral tip of the postglenoid process

33/34

Lateral point of the occipital condyle

35

Antero-ventral point of the foramen magnum

36

Postero-dorsal point of the foramen magnum

1

Antero-ventral point of the mandibular symphysis and anterior part of the alveolar margin of the incisor

2

Postero-dorsal border of the canine alveolus

3

Anterior point of the alveolar margin of p4

4

Posterior point of the alveolar margin of the tooth row

5

Posterior edge of the coronoid process

6

Lateral edge of the articular surface of the condyloid process

7

Medial edge of the articular surface of the condyloid process

8

Tip of the angular process

9

Ventral point of the symphyseal region