Fig. 2

Schematic representation of simulation of population expansion and demographic models. a location of sampled populations on the digital map, population numbers corresponding to those in Fig. 1 and Additional file 1: Table S1; (b) population dynamics in one deme; (c-e) the three models we simulated (number in each deme of represents its corresponding zone number: zone-0: uninhabitable area; zone-1: North of East Asia; zone-2: South of East Asia; zone-3: 29-33°N ; zone-4: 41-45°N)