Fig. 1

Time-series transcriptome analysis for adaptive evolution of E. coli to ethanol stress. Expression changes of representative genes in the central metabolic pathway including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and TCA cycle are shown. In each inset, the horizontal axis shows time (hours), and the vertical axis shows expression level (a.u.). Expression levels of 0 h in each gene represent the ones of parent strain. Asterisks (*) indicate expression levels of parent strain obtained without adding ethanol as a reference. The numbers of generations from 0 to 2000 h were strain A:1025, B:1002, C:950, D:990, E:954, and F:938, respectively. Abbreviations: 2PG, 2-Phosphoglyceric acid; 3PG, 3-phosphoglycerate; AcCoA, acetyl-CoA; αKG, α-ketoglutarate; BPG, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate; Cit, citrate; E4P, erythrose4-phosphate; F6P, fructose 6-phosphate; FBP, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; G6P, glucose 6-phosphate; Oxa, oxaloacetate; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; Pyr, pyruvate; R5P, ribose 5-phosphate; S7P, sedoheptulose 7-phosphate; Suc, succinate; X5P, xylulose 5-phosphate