Fig. 8

Summary of climatic changes, population history, wingless phenotype evolution and the associated changes in developmental systems in M. emersoni. The population tree represents the history of contacts during the last 200,000 years. Ancestral potential for wing loss (grey ant profile). Climatic changes are depicted in the bar on the left, with the associated changes in the habitats in different colors (green: largely continuous landscape, yellow: fragmented landscape). Changes in the vestigial disc growth, wing hinge morphology, wing muscles and in expression patterns of genes responsible for wing, wing hinge and wing muscle development are depicted by symbols on the tree. Gene expression on vestigial discs is depicted by purple (Exd), dotted green (Mef2) or black (wing patterning genes: Ubx, En, Cut and wg). Changes in cell division are depicted by the red dots