Fig. 2
From: Evolution, ecology and systematics of Soldanella (Primulaceae) in the southern Apennines (Italy)
Ecological differentiation among the studied populations. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling based on the ecological data. Circles, squares and diamonds represent the observations belonging to the Gelbison, the Sila and the Aspromonte massifs, respectively. Confidence ellipses (for α = 0.05) for the three provenances (dotted-dashed: Gelbison; dashed: Sila; solid: Aspromonte) are also shown. Aa: Abies alba, Aca: Acer cappadocicum, Aco: Alnus cordata, Ag: Alnus glutinosa, Ca: Corylus avellana, Cb: Carpinus betulus, Cm: Crataegus monogyna, Cs: Castanea sativa, Fo: Fraxinus ornus, Fs: Fagus sylvatica, Ia: Ilex aquifolium, Jr: Juglans regia, Sc: Salix caprea, Ug: Ulmus glabra, C: soil carbon, N: soil nitrogen, OM: soil organic matter, pH: soil pH, h: site elevation