Fig. 3

Abbreviated tree of Stevardiinae obtained in this study. Abbreviated maximum likelihood tree of Stevardiinae obtained with RAxML summarizing relationships among Stevardiinae genera and limits of tribes. Branches leading to monophyletic genera as proposed in this study, or to outgroup clades (clade “B” and “C”) are collapsed to a single terminal. Taxa currently assigned to other genera that are included in the proposed genera are indicated in parentheses. Red sperm symbols highlight clades with inseminating strategy present and blue sperm symbols highlight clades with external fertilization confirmed: large symbols for all taxa within Xenurobryconini, Glandulocaudini, and Stevardiini and smaller symbols for some species next to corresponding genera. Bootstrap values are shown for internal branches, with values inside gray circles highlighting nodes for proposed tribes and green circles showing support for monophyletic genera proposed in this study. Full topology is displayed in Figs. 4–10 and Additional file 4