Fig. 3

Endogenous MCPH gene expression measurement in human cells treated by E2. a-c Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) measure effects of E2 deprivation (white bars) and E2 (black bars) on endogenous ASPM, CDK5RAP2 MCPH1 gene expression in HEK293, MCF7 and K562 cells, normalized to actin. ASPM, CDK5RAP2, MCPH1 and WDR62 gene expression levels in E2-deprived cells were set as a level of 1-fold expression level. d ASPM, CDK5RAP2, MCPH1 and WDR62 mRNA were determined by real-time quantitative PCR in K562 cell lines (ASPM: 12 h, p = 0.06, 24 h, p = 0.002; CDK5RAP2: 12 h, p value is 0.34, 24 h, p = 0.06; MCPH1: 12 h, p = 0.96, 24 h, p = 0.02;). The promoter activity was measured as the ratio of luciferase activity, which was normalized by setting the value of the control (DMSO treatment) as 1. All histograms represent the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments, and each experiment contains three repeats. (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ns : not significant)