Table 1 The 19 North American hummingbird-adapted plant species/clades, their family assignment, stem and/or crown ages, and pollinators. Numbers in parentheses after plant genera refer to the number of species in the alignment, followed by the total species in the respective clade. Full chronograms are in the online supporting materials Figs. S2a-h
From: The temporal build-up of hummingbird/plant mutualisms in North America and temperate South America
Split of species or clade from nearest relative in alignment | Family | Stem age (my) | Crown age (my) | Age reference; figure number | Pollinators | Pollinator reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anisacanthus clade (5/5; A. andersonii, A. quadrifidus, A. linearis, A. puberulus, A. thurberi) | Acanthaceae | 1.92 (0.21-4.27) | 0.82 | Cortes, 2013; Fig. 1 | Amazilia berryllina, Amazilia violiceps, Archilochus alexandrei, Calypte costae, Calothorax lucifer, Chlorostilbon canivetii, Cynanthus latirostris, Eugenes fulgens, Hylocharis leucotis, Selasphorus platycercus, Selasphorus rufus | Daniel, 1982, Dennis & Tekulsky, 1991, Williamson, 2001, van Devender et al., 2004; Holmquist et al., 2005 |
Aquilegia clade (5/9; A. canadensis, A. elegantula, A. flavescens, A. formosa, A. skinneri) | Ranunculaceae | 2.52 (NA) | 2.11 | Bastida et al., 2010, Figs. 1 and S2a | Archilochus alexandri, Archilochus colubris, Selasphorus platycercus, Selasphorus rufus, Selasporus sasin | Dennis & Tekulsky, 1991, Williamson, 2001, google pictures search: Bretzke Lane webside 06.03.2014 |
Arbutus peninsularis | Ericaceae | 0.81 (NA) | - | Hardy & Cook, 2012 | Hylocharis xantusii | Williamson, 2001 |
Campsis radicans | Bignoniaceae | 3.26 (NA) | - | Xiang et al. 2000; Fig. 1 | Archilochus alexandrei, Archilochus colubris | Williamson, 2001 |
Castilleja elata clade (16/54; C. affinis, C. applegatei, C. chromosa, C. elata, C. elmeri, C. hispida, C. integrifolia, C. integra, C. linariifolia, C. miniata, C. minor, C. peckiana, C. peirsonii, C. praeterita, C. pruinosa, C. tenuiflora) | Orobanchaceae | 5.14 (3.36-6.92) | 3.24 (2.14-4.34) | Archilochus alexandri, Archilochus colubris, Amazilia violiceps, Calothorax lucifer, Eugenes fulgens, Hylocharis leucotis, Selasphorus flammula, Selasporus platycercus, Selaphorus rufus, Selasphorus sasin, Stellula calliope | James, 1972, Williamson, 2001, van Devender et al., 2004, Lara-Rodriguez et al., 2012 | |
Collomia rawsoniana | Polemoniaceae | 2.12 (0.37-3.87) | - | Fig. S2c | Unknown | Â |
Delphinium cardinale | Ranunculaceae | 2.93 (NA) | - | Jabbour & Renner 2012; Fig. 1 | Archilochus alexandrei, Calypte costae Selasphorus platycercus, Selasporus rufus | Schuchmann, 1999, Williamson, 2001 |
Ipomopsis aggregata clade (8/8; I. aggregata ssp. aggregata, I. aggregata ssp. attenuata, I. aggregata ssp. bridgesii, I. aggregata ssp. collina, I. aggregata ssp. formosissima, I. arizonica, I. rubra, I. sancti-spiritus) | Polemoniaceae | 4.73 (NA) | 3.5 | Figs. 1 and S2c | Archilochus alexandri, Selasporus platycercus, Selasporus rufus, Selasphorus sasin, Stellula calliope | Carpenter, 1978, Schuchamnn, 1999, Williamson, 2001 |
Ipomopsis tenuifolia | Polemoniaceae | 1.49 (0.21-3.10) | - | Figs. 1 and S2c | Calpyte costae | Wood & Nakazato, 2009 |
Keckiella cordifolia | Plantaginaceae | 1.19 (0.29-2.09) | - | Fig. S2d | Unknown | Â |
Keckiella ternata clade (2/3; K. corymbosa, K. ternata) | Plantaginaceae | 1.39 (0.56-2.22) | 0.9 (0.32-1.48) | Figs. 1 and S2d | Calypte anna | Williamson, 2001 |
Lithospermum johnstonii | Boraginaceae | 2.52 (NA) | - | Cohen, 2012; Fig. S2e | Unknown | Â |
Lithospermum leonotis | Boraginaceae | 0.96 (NA) | - | Cohen, 2012; Fig. S2e | Unknown | Â |
Lithospermum macromeria | Boraginaceae | 1.58 (NA) | - | Cohen, 2012; Figs. 1 and S2e | Eugenes fulgens, Selasphorus rufus | Boyd, 2004 |
Lithospermum notatum clade (2/2; L. flavum, L. notatum) | Boraginaceae | 8.36 (NA) | 5.11 | Cohen, 2012; Fig. S2e | Unknown | Â |
Lonicera sempervirens clade (4/4; L. arizonica, L. ciliosa, L. dioica, L. sempervirens) | Caprifoliaceae | 9.19 (4.8-13.05 | 7.0 (3.67-10.60) | Archilochus alexandrei, Archilochus colubris, Selasphorus platycercus, Selasphorus rufus, Selasphorus sasin, Stellula calliope | Dennis & Tekulsky, 1991, Williamson, 2001 | |
Monarda didyma | Lamiaceae | 0.56 (NA) | - | Archilochus colubris, Selasphorus rufus | Schuchmann, 1999, Williamson, 2001 | |
Ribes speciosum | Grossulariaceae | 1.45 (0.10-3.07) | - | Calypte anna | Stiles, 1973 | |
Scrophularia macrantha | Scrophulariaceae | 3.57 (0.65-7.61) | - | Scheunert & Heubl 2011; Fig. 1 | Selasphorus rufus | Schuchmann, 1999 |