Figure 2
From: Colony size is linked to paternity frequency and paternity skew in yellowjacket wasps and hornets
Predicted effects of colony size and nest site on paternity traits. Red arrows indicate the predicted positive (+) or negative (−) effects of increasing colony size and frequency of cavity nesting on paternity skew and paternity frequency. The predictions of the pathogens hypothesis and division of labor hypothesis stem from the effects of paternity traits on intracolony genetic similarity (black arrows).