Figure 3

Geological history of the Greater Antilles and Bahamas and the evolution of Calisto. a) The crown node of extant Calisto occurred in the late Oligocene, and the split of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola coincided with the divergence of both faunas. b) In the middle Miocene, Hispaniola and Cuba were physically separated, promoting the isolation of lineages on both islands. c) The creation of new niche space in Hispaniola and Cuba triggered the radiation of Calisto by the mid/late Miocene; Cuban land blocks were unified and Hispaniolan mountain ranges were rapidly uplifted during the late Miocene. d) Temporal isolation/connection of areas within each island during the glacial/interglacial cycles of the Pleistocene. e) Present-day Greater Antilles coded and coloured as our biogeographical analyses. Maps were modified from [6]. Area connectivity and dispersal rates used in our biogeographical analyses are shown below each time period (a: 31–20 Ma, b: 10–20 Ma, c: 5–10 Ma, and d: 5 Ma to present). Upper-right of each table (a-d) are area-adjacency values as used in BioGeoBEARS and values in (e) were used in Lagrange C++. Dispersal probability, as used in TS analyses, are displayed below on each table. LD is long-distance dispersal including one extra area. Values of 0.0001 were assigned to LD involving more than one water barrier and extra areas.