Diversification of the cullin family

Table 1 Types of cullin complexes characterized so far in different organisms.

	Culα	Culβ	Culγ
ANIMALS	Cul1 - Skp1 - F-box proteins [31, 32] Cul7 - Skp1 - F-box proteins [34] Cul2 -Elongins B, C - BC box proteins [51, 52] Cul5 - Elongins B, C - BC/SOCS box proteins [53–55]	Cul3 - BTB [35]	Cul4a, Cul4b - DDB1 - DCAFs [41, 44–48, 50]
FUNGI *(S. cerevisiae)*	Cdc53 - Skp - F-box proteins [28, 29]	Cul3 - Elongin C - Elongin A (BC box) ?? [56]	Cul8/Rtt101-Mms1 (DDB-like) [49]
FUNGI *(S. pombe)*	Cul1 - Skp - F-box proteins [30]	Cul3 - BTB ( *S. pombe* ) [36]	Cul4 - Rik 1 (DDB-like) [42]
PLANTS	Cul1 - Ask (Skp1-like) - F-box [33]	Cul3a, Cul3b - BTB [37–40]	Cul4 - DDB1 - DET1 [43, 44]
*Ancestral complexes*	Culα- Skp1 - F-box CRL	Culβ- BTB CRL	Culγ - DDB1 CRL

References are indicated in brackets. The respective cullins, adaptors (if present) and substrate receptors are indicated. The ancestral complexes were deduced by considering the phylogenetic range of each association. In bold, data that coincide with the ancestral situation. Most animal data were obtained from mammalian species, although some have been also characterized in invertebrates. Fungal data come from the model species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, as indicated. Plant data derive from Arabidopsis thaliana. The question marks refer to the fact that the interaction Cul3/elongins in S. cerevisiae remains unconfirmed.

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