Evolution of sexual mimicry in the orchid subtribe orchidinae: the role of preadaptations in the attraction of male bees as pollinators

Table 1 Sampling locations, pollination syndromes, and pollinators of the studied orchid species

Species	Labellum area (mm²)*	Sampling location	Pollination syndrome	Predominant pollinator**
Orchis italica	64.00	Roccamonfina, I	Food deception	Female bees
Orchis provincialis	78.75	Cilento, I	Food deception	Female bees
Orchis mascula	78.00	Cilento, I	Food deception	Female bees
Orchis quadripunctata	25.50	Cilento, I	Food deception	Long tongued flies
Orchis (= Aceras) anthropophora	39.06	Cilento, I	Food reward	Beetles
Serapias lingua	126.50	Cilento, I	Sleeping holes	Ceratina males
Serapias cordigera	396.00	Cilento, I	Sleeping holes	Eucera males
Serapias parviflora	47.25	Cilento, I	Autogamy	none
Ophrys sphegodes	91.00	Roccamonfina, I	Sexual deception	Andrena males
Anacamptis (= Orchis) papilionacea	148.75	Roccamonfina, I	Food deception?	Eucera males
Anacamptis (= Orchis) morio	60.00	Vesuvio, I	Food deception	Female bees
Gymnadenia (= Nigritella) rhellicani	12.00	Ofenpass, CH	Food reward	Moths
Gymnadenia conopsea	11.88	Münstertal, CH	Food reward	Butterflies, moths
Gymnadenia odoratissima	10.13	Münstertal, CH	Food reward	Moths
Dactylorhiza maculata	50.63	Münstertal, CH	Food deception	Beetles, flies
Himantoglossum hircinum	166.25	Glattfelden, CH	Unknown	Female bees
Platanthera bifolia	21.94	Glattfelden, CH	Food reward	Moths
Neotinea (= Orchis) ustulata	16.82	Wallis, CH	Food deception?	Tachinid flies
Neotinea lactea	40.38	Cilento, I	Unknown	Unknown
Disa bivalvata	n.d.	Cape, ZAR	Sexual deception	Pompilid males

* Calculated from [79], see methods section. ** From [75] and references therein, and [76, 77, 80]

ISSN: 2730-7182