Figure 4

Among population variation. Variation in infection rates among local populations in non-extinct metapopulations. Arrows indicate the fraction of non-infected local populations. Histograms (based on 10 replicate simulations) are given for three simulation runs representative of conditions were metapopulations experience high probabilities of losing endosymbionts (A, μ = 0.4, σ = 0.5), usually show stable coexistence with, on average, high infection rates (B, μ = 0.3, σ = 2), and the risk of host/endosymbiont metapopulation extinction is high (C, μ = 0.1, σ = 4).