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Table 1 Parameters and variables used in this study.

From: The coevolution of cooperation and dispersal in social groups and its implications for the emergence of multicellularity

w

Individual fitness

r

Relatedness between any two randomly selected individuals in the group

s

Individual cost to cooperator growth in the group

k

Number of individuals in a group (an inverse measure of kin selection)

c

Individual cost to cooperator dispersal

e

Individual cost to cheater dispersal

Q

Impact of sedentary cheaters on the individual fitness of group members (via consumption of the public good)

P

Impact of sedentary cooperators on the individual fitness of group members (via production of the public good)

n

Relative frequency of cooperators in the group (1-n is the proportion of cheaters)

z

Relative frequency of cheaters dispersing

y

Relative frequency of cooperators dispersing

d

Overall investment in dispersal. d = yn + z(1-n)

Φ

Overall cooperation with respect to the public good. Φ = n*(1-y*)+(1-n*)z*

σ

Association between dispersal and cooperation. σ = y/(y+z)