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Table 1 Diversity of molecular targets for representative members of the three-finger toxin gene family.

From: Accelerated exchange of exon segments in Viperid three-finger toxin genes (Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii; Desert Massasauga)

Toxin

Target

Reference

Short-, long-chain α-neurotoxins

α1-nAChR*

[3]

Long-chain α-neurotoxins

α7 nAChR*

[3]

κ-bungarotoxin

α3 and α4 nAChRs*

[3]

Muscarinic toxins

muscarinic AChRs*

[39]

Calciseptine and FS2 toxin

L-type calcium channels

[40, 41]

Dendroaspin

αIIbβ3 integrins

[42]

Cardiotoxins

phospholipids and glycosphingolipids

[43, 44]

Cardiotoxin A5

αvβ3 integrins

[45]

Fasciculins

acetylcholinesterase

[46]

Hemextin AB complex

blood coagulation factor VIIa

[47]

β-cardiotoxin

β-adrenergic receptors

[48]

  1. *nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor