Reticulate phylogeny of gastropod-shell-breeding cichlids from Lake Tanganyika – the result of repeated introgressive hybridization

Table 1 Life history traits of the species assigned to the „ossified group" of lamprologines.

species	Shell-breeding	parental care	mating system
Altolamprologus calvus	no	MG	monogamy?
Altolamprologus compressiceps	no	MG	harem
Altolamprologus sp. "shell"	obligatory	?	?
Lamprologus callipterus	obligatory	MG	harem
Lamprologus kungweensis	no	MG	monogamy
Lamprologus laparogramma	facultative	MG	monogamy
Lamprologus lemairii	facultative	MG	harem
Lamprologus meleagris	obligatory	MG	harem
Lamprologus ocellatus	obligatory	MG	harem
Lamprologus ornatipinnis	obligatory	MG	harem
Lamprologus signatus	facultative	MG	monogamy
Lamprologus speciosus	obligatory	MG	harem
Lepdiolamprologus attenuatus	facultative*	BG	mono(bi)gamy
Lepidiolamprologus boulengeri	obligatory	MG	monogamy?
Lepidiolamprologus elongatus	no	BG	mono(bi)gamy
Lepidiolamprologus hecqui	obligatory	MG	?
Lepidiolamprologus kendalli ⁺	no	BG	monogamy?
Lepidiolamprologus meeli	obligatory	MG	harem
Lepidiolamprologus nkambae ⁺	no	BG	monogamy?
Lepidiolamprologus pleuromaculatus ⁺	facultative	MG	harem
Lepidiolamprologus profundicola	no	MG	harem
Lepidiolamprologus sp. "meeli-boulengeri"	obligatory	MG	harem
Lepidiolamprologus sp. nov	no	?	?
Neolamprologus brevis	obligatory	MG	harem
Neolamprologus calliurus	obligatory	MG	harem
Neolamprologus caudopunctatus	facultative	BG	monogamy
Neolamprologus fasciatus	facultative	MG	harem
Neolamprologus leloupi	facultative	BG	monogamy
Neolamprologus multifasciatus	facultative	MG	monogamy?
Neolamprologus similis	facultative	MG	monogamy?
Neolamprologus variostigma ⁺	no	?	?
Neolamprologus wauthioni	obligatory	MG	harem

Note: In all species males grow slightly larger than females, but there are only five species – Lamprologus callipterus, Lamprologus lemairii, Lamprologus ornatipinnis, Neolamprologus calliurus, Neolamprologus fasciatus – exhibiting extreme sexual size dimorphism with males growing to at least the double size of females.
MG, maternal guarding; BG, biparental guarding.
⁺, species is not included in this study.
*, Lepidiolamprologus attenuatus is too large to enter empty gastropod-shells. Thus, this species occasionally deposits its eggs on the outside of the shell; after hatching fry is transferred into the shell.
Information on the species listed is based on [3, 4, 14, 63–65].

ISSN: 2730-7182