Table 5 Statistical tests of differences in turning angle between males and females.

Test Ia

Uniform vs unimodal distribution with mean m = 0: females

Modified Rayleigh test for uniformity against a unimodal alternative with mean = 0

R = 0.602

< 0.0001

[55] (p. 69)

Test Ib

Uniform vs unimodal distribution with mean m = 0: males

R = 0.433

< 0.0001

Test IIa

Symmetrical distribution around 0: females

Wilcoxon signed-rank test

W⁺ = 0.747

0.455

[55] (pp. 80–81)

Test IIb

Symmetrical distribution around 0: males

W⁺ = 0.154

0.877

Test IIIa

Goodness-of-fit for von Mises distribution: females

Watson's U²

U² = 0.115

0.020

[69]†

Test IIIb

Goodness-of-fit for von Mises distribution: males

U² = 0.070

0.085

Test IVa

von Mises mean m = 0: females

Unnamed specific test

E _n = -0.182

0.856

[55] (pp. 93–94)

Test IVb

von Mises mean m = 0: males

E _n = -0.782

0.434

Test V

Equality of von Mises concentrations K _i between sexes

Fisher f _r ; p value estimated by permutation test

f _r = 3.861

0.052

[55] (pp. 131–132)