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Table 2 Differences among P. populi, P. bursarius and P. spyrothecae in key defence-related components of their life history strategies

From: Ecological correlates of sociality in Pemphigus aphids, with a partial phylogeny of the genus

Trait

P. populi

P. bursarius

P. spyrothecae

Gall morphology

 

mean volume = 1099 ± 458 mm3

mean volume = 521.0 ± 45.7 mm3

mean volume = 636.7 ± 13.4 mm3

Aphid density

Low: 0.03 aphidsmm-3

Moderate: 0.11 aphidsmm-3

High: 0.35 aphids mm-3

Galling period

Short: ~2 months

Moderate: ~3 months

Long: 5–6 months

Demographic synchrony

(Highest proportion represented by a single morph)

Most synchronous: 0.92 ± 0.02

Moderately synchronous: 0.67 ± 0.02

Least synchronous: 0.43 ± 0.01

Period of alate departure

Short: 1–2 days

Moderate: 30–40 days

Long: ~60 days

Reproductive success

(number of alates/emigrants)

Lowest: 41.03 ± 21.18

Intermediate: 59.4 ± 8.8

Highest: 128.6 ± 8.5

First instar

Monomorphic with no soldiers

Monomorphic with moderately aggressive behavioural soldiers

Dimorphic with highly aggressive soldier morph

Overall strategy

Hide and run

Stay a little, fight a little, but then run

Stay and fight