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Table 3 Dating of the major cladogenetic events in Synodontis with r8s. We ran three independent analyses in r8s [32] with different calibration points using the maximum estimated age for the lacustrine habitat in lakes Malawi (1 MY [49]) and Tanganyika (6 MY [46–48]), as well as the minimum age of the East African clade of Synodontis as suggested by the oldest known Synodontis fossil in that region (>20 MY [45]). In the first analysis, all three calibrations were applied (1/6/20 calibration); in the second cycle, we used the Lake Malawi and the fossil calibration (1/20 calibration); in the third round, we only used the fossil based calibration (20 calibration). The numbers indicate the average value (in MY) obtained from a bootstrap approach with 30 replicates, the minimum and maximum values are depicted in round brackets (in italics). Square brackets indicate the time constraints used for the different r8s analyses and the range of the actual numbers used in the bootstrap replicates (in round brackets). The estimates for the age of the entire genus Synodontis should be interpreted with caution, as the values lie outside our range of calibration points

From: Mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of East African squeaker catfishes (Siluriformes: Synodontis)

Clade

1/6/20 MY calibration

1/20 MY calibration

20 MY calibration

Synodontis

34.54 (23.42–38.14)

35.39 (24.01–38.53)

37.26 (22.87–40.12)

East African clade

[>20 (20–20.49)]

[>20 (20–20.45)]

[>20 (20–22.53)]

L. Tanganyika I

12.24 (11.29–13.17)

12.36 (11.36–13.29)

12.89 (11.24–14.81)

L. Tanganyika II

[<6 (4.77–6)]

7.5 (5.48–12.11)

7.88 (5.76–12.36)

S. multipunctatus

2.15 (0.97–2.37)

2.21 (1.61–2.43)

2.31 (1.64–2.58)

L. Malawi (S. njassae)

[<1 (0.99–1)]

[<1 (0.99–1)]

1.75 (1.34–2.18)