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Table 2 Design matrix (X) displaying theoretical causal components of observed variances and covariances.

From: Genetic covariance between indices of body condition and immunocompetence in a passerine bird

Observed component

Causal components

 

σ2AO

σ2DO

σAOAM

σ2AM

σ2DM+C

σ2E

Y1

0.5

0

0.25

0

0

0

Y2

0

0

0.75

0.5

0

0

Y3

0.5

0

0.25

0

0

0

Y4

0.5

0

1.25

0.5

0

0

Y5

0.5

0.25

1

1

1

0

Y6

0.5

0.25

0

1

1

0

Y7

0.5

0.25

0.5

0

0

0

Y8

0

0

0.5

1

1

0

Y9

0

0

1

0

0

0

Y10

0.5

0.75

0

0

0

1

  1. σAO2 = additive direct genetic variance, σDO2 = dominance direct genetic variance, σAOAM = direct-maternal additive genetic covariance, σAM2 = additive maternal (or 'indirect') genetic variance, σ2DM+C = dominance maternal genetic variance and common environmental variance (maternal and cage), and σE2 = residual environmental variance. Further details are in the Methods.