Skip to main content

Table 1 Comparison of divergences times for five major clades of passerines as estimated in our study and in previous studies

From: Dating the diversification of the major lineages of Passeriformes (Aves)

 

A: Present study

B: Present study

C: Pereira & Baker (2006)

D: Barker et al. (2004)

E: Barker et al. (2004)

F: Ericson et al. (2002)

Time (mya)

CI

Time (mya)

CI

Time (mya)

CI

Time (mya)

CI

Time (mya)

CI

Time (mya)

CI

Split Suboscines vs. Oscines (node 2)

72.1 (71.4)

84 – 58

89.0 (88.6)

123 – 49

91.8

103 – 81

77.4

81 – 73

76.8

80 – 72

71.0

79 – 62

Split OW vs. NW Suboscines (node 35)

64.2 (63.6)

77 – 50

79.2 (78.8)

110 – 44

–

–

70.5

78 – 65

68.8

73 – 61

70.5

78 – 65

Oscines (node 3)

59.8 (59.4)

71 – 46

73.6 (73.5)

104 – 41

–

–

64.7

70 – 60

63.1

67 – 57

64.7

70 – 60

Core Corvoidea (node 24)

37.4 (37.4)

47 – 28

45.3 (45.8)

65 – 25

–

–

40.4

45 – 35

38.6

42 – 32

40.4

45 – 35

Eupasseri (node 9)

43.7 (43.5)

53 – 33

53.6 (53.5)

74 – 30

–

–

40.7

54 – 15

40.8

49 – 36

40.7

54 – 15

DNA data

Seven nuclear genes (7,204 bp)

Seven nuclear genes (7,204 bp)

Complete mtDNA

Two nuclear genes (4,126 bp)

Two nuclear genes (4,126 bp)

Two nuclear genes (1,407 bp)

Calibration(s)

Five passerine fossils and one vicariance event, split between New Zealand and Antarctica (85–52 mya),

Five passerine fossils and essentially no time-constraint for New Zealand and Antarctica vicariance event (4,000–20 Mya)

Thirteen fossils, of which five avian (no passerine)

One vicariance event, split between New Zealand and Antarctica (82 mya)

One vicariance event, split between New Zealand and Antarctica (82 mya)

One vicariance event, split between New Zealand and Antarctica (82 mya)

Dating method (program)

IGR relaxed clock, Bayesian inference (MrBayes 3.2)

IGR relaxed clock, Bayesian inference (MrBayes 3.2)

Bayesian rate autocorrelation (Multidivtime)

Penalized likelihood (r8s)

Nonparametric rate smoothing (r8s)

Local rates method (Rhino)

  1. CI = 95% confidence or credibility interval, respectively.
  2. Estimated dates of divergences with 95% credibility intervals for five major clades of passerines as obtained in our study under different root priors (columns A and B) and in previous studies (columns C to F). The dates of divergences estimated herein are generally younger than those previously published in studies that have included a large sample of passerines. Node numbers refer to Additional file 2: Figure S1 and Additional file 3: Table S2.