Do pre- and post-copulatory sexually selected traits covary in large herbivores?

Table 2 Phylogenetically corrected models testing for differences in male pre- and post-copulatory sexually selected traits with different mating tactics

Dependent variables	Independent variables	Beta ± SE	t	P	N	df	r	λ
Weapon length*	Body mass*	0.53 ± 0.07	7.67	< 0.001	58	55	0.72	0.98^0.001/0.30
	Tactic	−0.22 ± 0.17	−1.29	0.20			−0.17
Testes mass*	Body mass*	0.67 ± 0.12	5.51	< 0.001	45	42	0.65	0.00^1/< 0.001
	Tactic	0.16 ± 0.27	0.60	0.55			0.09
Sperm length	Tactic	−1.02 ± 1.94	−0.53	0.60	54	52	−0.07	0.67^{0.06/< 0.001}
Sperm head length	Tactic	−0.16 ± 0.41	−0.38	0.70	54	52	−0.05	0.58^{0.01/< 0.001}
Sperm midpiece length	Tactic	0.04 ± 0.78	0.05	0.96	53	51	0.01	0.92^{< 0.001/0.01}
Sperm midpiece volume	Tactic	−0.13 ± 0.39	−0.34	0.74	47	45	−0.05	0.00^1/0
Sperm tail length	Tactic	−1.23 ± 1.50	−0.82	0.42	54	52	−0.11	0.52^{0.24/< 0.001}

Female defence species is coded as 0 and territory defence is coded as 1. Models are tested with Bininda-Emonds et al. [31] phylogeny across ungulates species (both Bovidae and Cervidae pooled). r represents effect size values and λ represents the index of phylogenetic covariance (see Methods section). The superscripts following the λ value indicate p-value of likelihood ratio tests against models with λ = 0 (first position) and λ = 1 (second position). *log transformed variables.

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