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Figure 2 | BMC Evolutionary Biology

Figure 2

From: A phylogeny for the pomatiopsidae (Gastropoda: Rissooidea): a resource for taxonomic, parasitological and biodiversity studies

Figure 2

Summary of alternative phylogeographies for the Pomatiopsidae. Semi-schematic showing alternative hypotheses for the origins and evolutionary radiation of the Pomatiopsidae. A. Tibet hypothesis: The ancestor of the Pomatiopsidae arises in Gondwana and is rafted on the Indian Craton after the break up of the super continent. These taxa are then introduced to China via Tibet after the collision between India (or earlier Cimmerian blocks) and Asia (150–120 Ma). The Pomatiopsinae and Triculinae then diverge in the Yangtze and Mekong river systems as these cut their way southwards to the sea [10]. B. Hunan (East to West) hypothesis, as proposed by Attwood (2009) [9]: Proto-Pomatiopsinae diverge in Australasia, with marine forms developing and colonizing South Africa and South America. Precursors of Oncomelania colonize northwards along island chains created by low sea levels and by tectonic movements (rafting). After reaching Japan, Proto-Oncomelania gives rise to the Japanese Pomtiopsinae and Oncomelania hupensis; the latter colonizes China and back-tracks (grey stippled arrow) to recolonize the Philippines and Sulawesi (replacing antecedent forms). The Triculinae arise in Southwest China and diverge in uplifting mountain areas. Dates are from the present analyses. Approximate distributions of major formations of calcareous rocks are shown as shaded areas. Coastlines are rough approximations for 15–10 Ma, drawing from the palaeogeographical literature [31–39].

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