Cannibalism in invasive, native and biocontrol populations of the harlequin ladybird

Table 1 Statistical analyses of cannibalism rates by first instar larvae and adult females of H. axyridis

	First instar larvae		Adult females
Analysis	Test statistic	P-value	Test statistic	P-value
1- Spatial expansion in Europe	F (df)		F (df)
Spatial level	0.64 (2)	0.5252	0.20 (2)	0.8173
Population (Spatial level)	0.34 (3)	0.7914	0.15 (3)	0.9279
Density	14.07 (1)	<0.0002	1.19 (1)	<0.042
Spatial level × Density	2.38 (2)	0.0949	0.78 (2)	0.4556
2- Different types of population
Population type	17.44 (2)	<0.0001	0.19 (2)	0.8262
Population (Population type)	0.59 (7)	0.5106	0.72 (7)	0.6482
Density	22.63 (1)	<0.0001	4.34 (1)	<0.037
Population type × Density	0.34 (2)	0.7066	0.40 (2)	0.6706

Note: Analysis 1- focuses on spatial expansion in Western Europe (invaded area), and analysis 2-compare different types of populations, i.e. native, invasive and biocontrol. Significant P-values at the 5% threshold are shown in bold.

ISSN: 2730-7182